226
UXUS97 KPUB 191235
SRGPUB
SOARING FORECAST
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE PUEBLO, COLORADO
0635 MDT SUNDAY, OCTOBER 19, 2025
THIS FORECAST IS FOR SUNDAY, OCTOBER 19, 2025:
IF THE TRIGGER TEMPERATURE OF 63.6 F/17.6 C IS REACHED...THEN
THERMAL SOARING INDEX....................... EXCELLENT
MAXIMUM RATE OF LIFT........................ 999 FT/MIN (5.1 M/S)
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF THERMALS.................. 18415 FT MSL (10802 FT AGL)
FORECAST MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE................... 74.0 F/23.8 C
TIME OF TRIGGER TEMPERATURE.................... 1130 MDT
TIME OF OVERDEVELOPMENT........................ NONE
MIDDLE/HIGH CLOUDS DURING SOARING WINDOW....... NONE
SURFACE WINDS DURING SOARING WINDOW............ 20 MPH OR LESS
HEIGHT OF THE -3 THERMAL INDEX................. 14868 FT MSL (7255 FT AGL)
THERMAL SOARING OUTLOOK FOR MONDAY 10/20....... EXCELLENT
WAVE SOARING INDEX............................. NOT AVAILABLE
REMARKS...
SUNRISE/SUNSET.................... 07:13:28 / 18:14:46 MDT
TOTAL POSSIBLE SUNSHINE........... 11 HR 1 MIN 18 SEC (661 MIN 18 SEC)
ALTITUDE OF SUN AT 12:44:07 MDT... 40.60 DEGREES
UPPER AIR DATA FROM NUMERICAL MODEL FORECAST VALID ON 10/19/2025 AT 0600 MDT
FREEZING LEVEL.................. 14088 FT MSL (6475 FT AGL)
CONVECTIVE CONDENSATION LEVEL... 21743 FT MSL (14130 FT AGL)
LIFTED CONDENSATION LEVEL....... 20828 FT MSL (13215 FT AGL)
LIFTED INDEX.................... +1.6
K INDEX......................... -1.6
HEIGHT TEMPERATURE WIND WIND SPD LAPSE RATE CONVECTIONT THERMAL LIFT RATE
FT MSL DEG C DEG F DIR KT M/S C/KM F/KFT DEG C DEG F INDEX FPM M/S
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -65.1 -85.2 285 35 18 2.3 1.3 M M M M M
45000 -61.3 -78.3 290 51 26 3.8 2.1 M M M M M
40000 -55.3 -67.5 300 61 32 4.5 2.5 M M M M M
38000 -52.4 -62.3 300 60 31 4.9 2.7 M M M M M
36000 -49.4 -56.9 300 58 30 4.8 2.7 M M M M M
34000 -45.5 -49.9 300 54 28 7.5 4.1 M M M M M
32000 -41.0 -41.8 300 50 26 7.5 4.1 M M M M M
30000 -36.4 -33.5 300 47 24 7.8 4.3 32.2 89.9 6.8 M M
29000 -34.0 -29.2 300 46 24 7.8 4.3 31.4 88.6 6.3 M M
28000 -31.7 -25.1 300 45 23 7.8 4.3 30.8 87.5 5.9 M M
27000 -29.3 -20.7 300 45 23 8.2 4.5 30.2 86.3 5.5 M M
26000 -26.8 -16.2 300 45 23 8.2 4.5 29.5 85.2 5.0 M M
25000 -24.3 -11.7 300 45 23 8.2 4.5 29.1 84.3 4.7 M M
24000 -21.4 -6.5 300 44 23 7.6 4.2 28.2 82.8 4.0 M M
23000 -19.1 -2.4 300 42 22 7.6 4.2 27.4 81.3 3.4 M M
22000 -16.8 1.8 300 40 21 7.6 4.2 26.7 80.1 2.8 M M
21000 -14.7 5.5 300 39 20 7.1 3.9 25.8 78.4 2.0 M M
20000 -12.6 9.3 300 37 19 7.1 3.9 24.9 76.8 1.2 M M
19500 -11.5 11.3 305 36 18 7.1 3.9 24.4 76.0 0.8 M M
19000 -10.5 13.1 305 35 18 7.1 3.9 24.0 75.3 0.5 M M
18500 -9.4 15.1 305 34 18 7.1 3.9 23.6 74.4 0.0 M M
18000 -8.4 16.9 305 34 17 7.1 3.9 23.1 73.6 -0.4 957 4.9
17500 -7.4 18.7 305 32 17 6.8 3.7 22.6 72.7 -0.8 911 4.6
17000 -6.3 20.7 300 31 16 6.8 3.7 22.1 71.8 -1.3 866 4.4
16500 -5.3 22.5 300 30 15 7.0 3.9 21.7 71.0 -1.7 820 4.2
16000 -4.2 24.4 300 28 14 7.1 3.9 21.2 70.2 -2.1 773 3.9
15500 -3.2 26.2 295 26 14 7.2 4.0 20.8 69.4 -2.5 726 3.7
15000 -2.1 28.2 295 25 13 7.4 4.1 20.4 68.7 -2.9 678 3.4
14500 -1.0 30.2 295 24 12 7.4 4.1 20.0 68.0 -3.3 631 3.2
14000 0.1 32.2 300 23 12 7.5 4.1 19.6 67.4 -3.7 583 3.0
13500 1.3 34.3 300 23 12 7.4 4.1 19.3 66.7 -4.0 535 2.7
13000 2.4 36.3 305 22 11 7.7 4.2 18.9 66.1 -4.4 486 2.5
12500 3.5 38.3 305 21 11 7.2 4.0 18.6 65.4 -4.8 438 2.2
12000 4.6 40.3 305 21 11 7.4 4.1 18.2 64.7 -5.2 391 2.0
11750 5.1 41.2 305 21 11 7.8 4.3 18.0 64.4 -5.4 367 1.9
11500 5.7 42.3 305 21 11 6.1 3.4 17.8 64.1 -5.6 343 1.7
11250 6.0 42.8 305 22 11 4.9 2.7 17.5 63.4 -5.9 325 1.6
11000 6.4 43.5 305 22 11 6.0 3.3 17.1 62.8 -6.3 305 1.5
10750 6.9 44.4 300 21 11 5.9 3.3 16.8 62.3 -6.6 285 1.4
10500 7.3 45.1 300 21 11 6.0 3.3 16.5 61.8 -6.9 264 1.3
10250 7.7 45.9 300 21 11 5.1 2.8 16.2 61.2 -7.2 244 1.2
10000 8.1 46.6 295 21 11 4.2 2.3 15.8 60.5 -7.7 227 1.2
9750 8.3 46.9 295 20 10 4.3 2.3 15.4 59.7 -8.1 211 1.1
9500 8.6 47.5 295 20 10 4.2 2.3 15.0 59.0 -8.6 195 1.0
9250 8.9 48.0 295 19 10 4.5 2.5 14.6 58.2 -9.1 179 0.9
9000 9.2 48.6 290 20 10 2.4 1.3 14.1 57.4 -9.6 164 0.8
8750 9.2 48.6 290 20 10 0.4 0.2 13.4 56.2 -10.3 156 0.8
8500 9.2 48.6 285 21 11 2.0 1.1 12.8 55.0 -11.1 148 0.8
8250 9.2 48.6 280 21 11 -5.0 -2.7 12.1 53.7 -11.8 142 0.7
8000 8.1 46.6 280 20 10 -26.1 -14.3 10.2 50.4 -13.7 166 0.8
7750 5.5 41.9 275 14 7 -42.6 -23.4 6.8 44.2 -17.1 238 1.2
7500 M M M M M M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M M M M M M
* * * * * * NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODEL FORECAST DATA VALID * * * * * *
10/19/2025 AT 0900 MDT | 10/19/2025 AT 1200 MDT
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +2.2 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +3.4
CINH... 0.0 K INDEX... +0.4 | CINH... 0.0 K INDEX... -0.0
|
HEIGHT TEMPERATURE WND WNDSPD LAPSE RATE | TEMPERATURE WND WNDSPD LAPSE RATE
FT MSL DEG C DEG F DIR KT M/S C/KM F/KFT | DEG C DEG F DIR KT M/S C/KM F/KFT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -63.4 -82.1 290 33 17 2.7 1.5 | -63.5 -82.3 285 35 18 2.9 1.6
45000 -59.3 -74.7 290 45 23 2.8 1.5 | -59.0 -74.2 280 48 25 3.4 1.9
40000 -54.3 -65.7 290 47 24 6.8 3.7 | -53.3 -63.9 280 42 22 5.9 3.2
38000 -50.2 -58.4 290 46 24 6.8 3.7 | -49.8 -57.6 280 39 20 5.9 3.2
36000 -46.2 -51.2 290 45 23 6.7 3.7 | -46.2 -51.2 280 37 19 5.7 3.1
34000 -41.3 -42.3 295 42 22 8.4 4.6 | -41.4 -42.5 285 33 17 8.5 4.7
32000 -36.3 -33.3 305 39 20 8.3 4.6 | -36.3 -33.3 295 31 16 8.5 4.7
30000 -32.3 -26.1 300 35 18 6.2 3.4 | -31.9 -25.4 295 29 15 6.9 3.8
29000 -30.4 -22.7 295 32 17 6.2 3.4 | -29.8 -21.6 290 29 15 7.0 3.8
28000 -28.6 -19.5 290 30 16 6.3 3.5 | -27.7 -17.9 290 28 14 6.9 3.8
27000 -26.4 -15.5 290 29 15 7.3 4.0 | -25.7 -14.3 285 26 13 6.5 3.5
26000 -24.2 -11.6 290 28 14 7.3 4.0 | -23.8 -10.8 285 23 12 6.5 3.6
25000 -22.0 -7.6 290 26 13 7.3 4.0 | -21.8 -7.2 280 21 11 6.5 3.6
24000 -19.2 -2.6 290 25 13 7.4 4.1 | -19.1 -2.4 280 19 10 7.4 4.1
23000 -17.0 1.4 290 25 13 7.4 4.1 | -16.9 1.6 280 19 10 7.4 4.1
22000 -14.8 5.4 290 24 12 7.6 4.1 | -14.7 5.5 275 18 9 7.7 4.2
21000 -12.4 9.7 285 24 12 7.9 4.3 | -12.2 10.0 275 18 9 8.1 4.4
20000 -10.1 13.8 280 23 12 7.9 4.3 | -9.8 14.4 270 19 10 8.1 4.4
19500 -8.9 16.0 275 23 12 7.9 4.3 | -8.6 16.5 270 19 10 8.2 4.5
19000 -7.8 18.0 275 23 12 7.4 4.0 | -7.4 18.7 270 19 10 7.2 4.0
18500 -6.6 20.1 275 23 12 7.4 4.1 | -6.3 20.7 270 19 10 7.3 4.0
18000 -5.5 22.1 275 22 11 7.7 4.2 | -5.2 22.6 270 18 9 7.0 3.8
17500 -4.3 24.3 275 22 11 8.0 4.4 | -4.2 24.4 275 18 9 6.5 3.6
17000 -3.1 26.4 280 22 11 8.1 4.5 | -3.3 26.1 280 18 9 6.5 3.6
16500 -2.0 28.4 285 22 11 6.9 3.8 | -2.3 27.9 285 19 10 6.0 3.3
16000 -0.9 30.4 285 21 11 7.1 3.9 | -1.4 29.5 290 19 10 6.0 3.3
15500 0.1 32.2 290 21 11 6.3 3.4 | -0.5 31.1 295 20 10 6.8 3.7
15000 1.0 33.8 290 21 11 6.0 3.3 | 0.5 32.9 295 20 11 7.1 3.9
14500 1.9 35.4 295 21 11 5.9 3.2 | 1.6 34.9 295 21 11 6.9 3.8
14000 2.7 36.9 290 20 10 5.8 3.2 | 2.6 36.7 295 20 11 6.4 3.5
13500 3.6 38.5 290 20 10 6.1 3.3 | 3.5 38.3 295 20 10 6.4 3.5
13000 4.6 40.3 290 19 10 7.8 4.3 | 4.4 39.9 295 18 9 6.3 3.5
12500 5.5 41.9 285 18 9 6.1 3.4 | 5.4 41.7 295 17 9 6.7 3.7
12000 6.5 43.7 290 16 8 8.1 4.4 | 6.4 43.5 295 15 8 7.1 3.9
11750 7.1 44.8 290 15 8 8.0 4.4 | 6.9 44.4 295 14 7 7.1 3.9
11500 7.6 45.7 290 14 7 6.2 3.4 | 7.3 45.1 295 13 7 4.9 2.7
11250 8.0 46.4 290 13 7 5.9 3.2 | 7.6 45.7 295 12 6 5.9 3.2
11000 8.5 47.3 295 13 7 7.2 3.9 | 8.1 46.6 300 11 6 8.4 4.6
10750 9.0 48.2 300 12 6 7.0 3.9 | 8.6 47.5 300 10 5 8.1 4.4
10500 9.5 49.1 305 11 6 6.6 3.6 | 9.1 48.4 305 9 5 8.2 4.5
10250 9.9 49.8 310 11 6 6.1 3.3 | 9.7 49.5 315 8 4 8.8 4.8
10000 10.3 50.5 315 11 6 6.3 3.5 | 10.4 50.7 320 7 4 9.4 5.2
9750 10.7 51.3 320 11 6 6.3 3.5 | 11.0 51.8 325 7 4 9.3 5.1
9500 11.2 52.2 330 11 6 6.2 3.4 | 11.7 53.1 335 6 3 9.1 5.0
9250 11.6 52.9 330 11 6 4.9 2.7 | 12.4 54.3 340 6 3 9.6 5.3
9000 11.9 53.4 335 12 6 4.7 2.6 | 13.1 55.6 345 6 3 10.6 5.8
8750 12.3 54.1 335 12 6 5.5 3.0 | 13.9 57.0 345 6 3 10.7 5.9
8500 12.6 54.7 340 12 6 5.2 2.8 | 14.7 58.5 345 6 3 10.6 5.8
8250 13.0 55.4 335 12 6 4.6 2.5 | 15.5 59.9 350 6 3 11.1 6.1
8000 13.3 55.9 330 11 6 5.0 2.7 | 16.5 61.7 350 6 3 16.6 9.1
7750 13.6 56.5 325 9 4 6.7 3.7 | 18.0 64.4 355 6 3 24.1 13.2
7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
10/19/2025 AT 1500 MDT | 10/19/2025 AT 1800 MDT
|
CAPE... 0.0 LI... +3.0 | CAPE... 0.0 LI... +4.2
CINH... 0.0 K INDEX... +0.9 | CINH... 0.0 K INDEX... -8.7
|
HEIGHT TEMPERATURE WND WNDSPD LAPSE RATE | TEMPERATURE WND WNDSPD LAPSE RATE
FT MSL DEG C DEG F DIR KT M/S C/KM F/KFT | DEG C DEG F DIR KT M/S C/KM F/KFT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
50000 -63.5 -82.3 285 34 18 2.7 1.5 | -63.0 -81.4 285 30 15 3.0 1.6
45000 -59.4 -74.9 280 47 24 2.9 1.6 | -58.5 -73.3 280 38 19 3.0 1.6
40000 -54.3 -65.7 270 40 20 6.2 3.4 | -53.6 -64.5 270 36 18 5.1 2.8
38000 -50.6 -59.1 275 35 18 6.2 3.4 | -50.6 -59.1 265 29 15 5.0 2.8
36000 -46.9 -52.4 280 30 16 6.0 3.3 | -47.5 -53.5 260 23 12 4.9 2.7
34000 -41.5 -42.7 280 29 15 9.4 5.2 | -42.5 -44.5 260 23 12 9.2 5.0
32000 -35.9 -32.6 280 30 15 9.2 5.1 | -37.0 -34.6 270 24 12 9.2 5.0
30000 -30.8 -23.4 280 28 14 8.1 4.4 | -31.8 -25.2 275 25 13 8.4 4.6
29000 -28.4 -19.1 280 26 13 8.1 4.5 | -29.3 -20.7 275 25 13 8.4 4.6
28000 -26.0 -14.8 275 25 13 7.7 4.2 | -26.8 -16.2 280 26 13 8.3 4.5
27000 -24.7 -12.5 280 22 11 3.7 2.0 | -24.7 -12.5 280 24 12 7.0 3.8
26000 -23.5 -10.3 280 19 10 3.8 2.1 | -22.6 -8.7 280 21 11 7.0 3.9
25000 -22.4 -8.3 285 16 8 3.6 2.0 | -20.5 -4.9 280 19 10 7.1 3.9
24000 -19.7 -3.5 285 14 7 8.5 4.6 | -18.3 -0.9 280 15 8 5.3 2.9
23000 -17.2 1.0 280 13 7 8.5 4.6 | -16.7 1.9 275 11 6 5.3 2.9
22000 -14.6 5.7 275 12 6 8.1 4.5 | -15.1 4.8 265 7 4 5.9 3.3
21000 -12.4 9.7 270 12 6 7.3 4.0 | -12.9 8.8 260 8 4 7.5 4.1
20000 -10.2 13.6 265 13 7 7.3 4.0 | -10.6 12.9 260 8 4 7.5 4.1
19500 -9.1 15.6 265 13 7 7.5 4.1 | -9.5 14.9 255 8 4 7.9 4.3
19000 -8.1 17.4 265 13 7 6.1 3.3 | -8.6 16.5 260 9 4 4.3 2.4
18500 -7.2 19.0 270 12 6 6.2 3.4 | -8.0 17.6 260 10 5 4.8 2.6
18000 -6.3 20.7 275 12 6 6.0 3.3 | -7.4 18.7 265 10 5 6.4 3.5
17500 -5.5 22.1 280 13 7 5.8 3.2 | -6.2 20.8 265 12 6 8.3 4.6
17000 -4.7 23.5 285 15 8 5.7 3.2 | -5.1 22.8 270 13 7 8.5 4.7
16500 -3.8 25.2 290 16 8 7.3 4.0 | -3.9 25.0 265 14 7 8.7 4.8
16000 -2.8 27.0 285 18 9 7.3 4.0 | -2.6 27.3 265 15 8 8.7 4.8
15500 -1.8 28.8 285 19 10 8.5 4.7 | -1.3 29.7 265 15 8 8.8 4.9
15000 -0.5 31.1 280 18 9 8.9 4.9 | -0.0 32.0 265 14 7 8.8 4.9
14500 0.8 33.4 275 18 9 8.6 4.7 | 1.3 34.3 260 13 7 8.4 4.6
14000 2.0 35.6 270 16 8 7.9 4.3 | 2.4 36.3 255 11 6 7.5 4.1
13500 3.1 37.6 265 14 7 7.7 4.2 | 3.6 38.5 245 10 5 7.4 4.0
13000 4.2 39.6 260 9 5 6.3 3.5 | 4.5 40.1 230 7 4 6.0 3.3
12500 5.2 41.4 255 6 3 6.8 3.7 | 5.5 41.9 210 6 3 6.5 3.6
12000 6.3 43.3 255 3 1 8.0 4.4 | 6.5 43.7 190 5 2 6.4 3.5
11750 6.9 44.4 245 1 1 8.1 4.4 | 7.0 44.6 175 4 2 6.5 3.6
11500 7.5 45.5 000 0 0 9.7 5.3 | 7.5 45.5 155 4 2 7.5 4.1
11250 8.3 46.9 080 1 0 9.4 5.2 | 8.1 46.6 145 4 2 7.5 4.1
11000 8.9 48.0 085 1 1 8.6 4.7 | 8.6 47.5 135 5 2 7.1 3.9
10750 9.6 49.3 085 1 1 8.1 4.4 | 9.2 48.6 125 5 2 6.6 3.6
10500 10.2 50.4 085 2 1 11.0 6.0 | 9.7 49.5 120 5 3 9.1 5.0
10250 11.1 52.0 085 2 1 11.5 6.3 | 10.5 50.9 110 6 3 10.0 5.5
10000 11.8 53.2 085 2 1 8.9 4.9 | 11.1 52.0 105 6 3 8.2 4.5
9750 12.6 54.7 085 3 1 9.7 5.3 | 11.8 53.2 105 6 3 8.7 4.8
9500 13.3 55.9 085 3 1 9.1 5.0 | 12.4 54.3 105 7 3 8.3 4.5
9250 14.0 57.2 085 3 2 9.2 5.0 | 13.0 55.4 100 7 3 8.1 4.5
9000 14.7 58.5 085 3 2 10.4 5.7 | 13.6 56.5 100 7 3 9.3 5.1
8750 15.5 59.9 085 3 2 11.0 6.0 | 14.4 57.9 100 7 4 9.9 5.4
8500 16.3 61.3 085 3 2 10.7 5.9 | 15.1 59.2 100 7 4 9.8 5.4
8250 17.1 62.8 085 4 2 10.3 5.7 | 15.8 60.4 100 7 4 10.5 5.7
8000 17.9 64.2 085 4 2 13.3 7.3 | 16.6 61.9 100 7 4 10.4 5.7
7750 19.1 66.4 085 4 2 18.6 10.2 | 17.3 63.1 100 6 3 9.4 5.2
7500 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7250 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
7000 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
6750 M M M M M M M | M M M M M M M
________________________________________________________________________________
THIS PRODUCT IS ISSUED TWICE PER DAY, ONCE BY APPROXIMATELY 0630 MST/0730 MDT
(1330 UTC) AND AGAIN BY APPROXIMATELY 1830 MST/1930 MDT (0130 UTC). IT IS NOT
CONTINUOUSLY MONITORED NOR UPDATED AFTER ITS INITIAL ISSUANCE.
THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS BASED ON RAWINSONDE OBSERVATION AND/OR
NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODEL DATA TAKEN NEAR THE AIR FORCE ACADEMY
IN COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO AT
NORTH LATITUDE: 38 DEG 58 MIN 48.000 SEC
WEST LONGITUDE: 104 DEG 49 MIN 12.000 SEC
ELEVATION: 6572 FEET (2003 METERS)
AND MAY NOT BE REPRESENTATIVE OF OTHER AREAS ALONG THE FRONT RANGE OF THE
COLORADO ROCKY MOUNTAINS. NOTE THAT SOME ELEVATIONS IN NUMERICAL WEATHER
PREDICTION MODELS DIFFER FROM ACTUAL STATION ELEVATIONS, WHICH CAN LEAD TO
DATA WHICH APPEAR TO BE BELOW GROUND. ERRONEOUS DATA SUCH AS THESE SHOULD
NOT BE USED.
THE CONTENT AND FORMAT OF THIS REPORT AS WELL AS THE ISSUANCE TIMES ARE SUBJECT
TO CHANGE WITHOUT PRIOR NOTICE. COMMENTS AND SUGGESTIONS ARE WELCOME AND SHOULD
BE DIRECTED TO ONE OF THE ADDRESSES OR PHONE NUMBERS SHOWN AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS
PAGE. TO EXPEDITE A RESPONSE TO COMMENTS, BE SURE TO MENTION YOUR INTEREST IN
THE SOARING FORECAST.
DEFINITIONS:
CAPE (CONVECTIVE AVAILABLE POTENTIAL ENERGY) - AN INTEGRATED MEASURE OF THE
ENERGY AVAILABLE FOR CONVECTIVE DEVELOPMENT, ALSO KNOWN AS THE POSITIVE
AREA ON A THERMODYNAMIC DIAGRAM. UNITS ARE JOULES PER KILOGRAM. LARGER
VALUES ARE INDICATIVE OF GREATER INSTABILITY AND THE POSSIBILITY OF
STRONGER CONVECTIVE ACTIVITY, INCLUDING THUNDERSTORMS. VALUES AROUND OR
GREATER THAN 1000 SUGGEST THE POSSIBILITY OF SEVERE WEATHER SHOULD
CONVECTIVE ACTIVITY DEVELOP.
CINH (CONVECTIVE INHIBITION) - AN INTEGRATED MEASURE OF THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY
NEEDED TO INITIATE CONVECTIVE ACTIVITY, ALSO KNOWN AS THE NEGATIVE AREA ON
A THERMODYNAMIC DIAGRAM. UNITS ARE JOULES PER KILOGRAM. THE MORE NEGATIVE
THIS NUMBER, THE MORE ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO INITIATE CONVECTION. THIS
INHIBITIVE ENERGY CAN BE OVERCOME THROUGH SURFACE HEATING, COOLING ALOFT,
LIFTING MECHANISMS (OROGRAPHIC, FRONTAL, GRAVITY WAVES, ETC.)
CONVECTIVE CONDENSATION LEVEL - THE HEIGHT TO WHICH AN AIR PARCEL POSSESSING THE
AVERAGE SATURATION MIXING RATIO IN THE LOWEST 4000 FEET OF THE AIRMASS,
IF HEATED SUFFICIENTLY FROM BELOW, WILL RISE DRY ADIABATICALLY UNTIL IT
JUST BECOMES SATURATED. IT ESTIMATES THE BASE OF CUMULUS CLOUDS THAT ARE
PRODUCED BY SURFACE HEATING ONLY.
CONVECTION TEMPERATURE (CONVECTIONT) - THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE REQUIRED TO MAKE
THE AIRMASS DRY ADIABATIC UP TO THE GIVEN LEVEL. IT CAN BE CONSIDERED A
"TRIGGER TEMPERATURE" FOR THAT LEVEL.
FREEZING LEVEL - THE HEIGHT WHERE THE TEMPERATURE IS ZERO DEGREES CELSIUS.
HEIGHT OF STABLE LAYER - THE HEIGHT (BETWEEN 12,000 AND 18,000 FEET ABOVE
MEAN SEA LEVEL) WHERE THE SMALLEST LAPSE RATE EXISTS. THE LOCATION AND
EXISTENCE OF THIS FEATURE IS IMPORTANT IN THE GENERATION OF MOUNTAIN
WAVES.
K INDEX - A MEASURE OF STABILITY WHICH COMBINES THE TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN APPROXIMATELY 5,000 AND 18,000 FEET ABOVE THE SURFACE, THE AMOUNT
OF MOISTURE AT APPROXIMATELY 5,000 FEET ABOVE THE SURFACE, AND A MEASURE
OF THE DRYNESS AT APPROXIMATELY 10,000 FEET ABOVE THE SURFACE. LARGER
POSITIVE NUMBERS INDICATE MORE INSTABILITY AND A GREATER LIKELIHOOD OF
THUNDERSTORM DEVELOPMENT. ONE INTERPRETATION OF K INDEX VALUES REGARDING
SOARING IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES IS GIVEN IN WMO TECHNICAL NOTE 158
AND IS REPRODUCED IN THE FOLLOWING TABLE:
BELOW -10 NO OR WEAK THERMALS
-10 TO 5 DRY THERMALS OR 1/8 CUMULUS WITH MODERATE THERMALS
5 TO 15 GOOD SOARING CONDITIONS
15 TO 20 GOOD SOARING CONDITIONS WITH OCCASIONAL SHOWERS
20 TO 30 EXCELLENT SOARING CONDITIONS, BUT INCREASING
PROBABILITY OF SHOWERS AND THUNDERSTORMS
ABOVE 30 MORE THAN 60 PERCENT PROBABILITY OF THUNDERSTORMS
LAPSE RATE - THE CHANGE WITH HEIGHT OF THE TEMPERATURE. NEGATIVE VALUES INDICATE
INVERSIONS.
LIFTED CONDENSATION LEVEL - THE HEIGHT TO WHICH AN AIR PARCEL POSSESSING THE
AVERAGE DEW POINT IN THE LOWEST 4000 FEET OF THE AIRMASS AND THE FORECAST
MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE MUST BE LIFTED DRY ADIABATICALLY TO ATTAIN SATURATION.
LIFTED INDEX (LI) - THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AT A
LEVEL APPROXIMATELY 18,000 FEET ABOVE THE SURFACE AND THE TEMPERATURE OF
AN AIR PARCEL LIFTED DRY ADIABATICALLY FROM THE SURFACE TO ITS LIFTED
CONDENSATION LEVEL AND THEN PSEUDOADIABATICALLY THEREAFTER TO THIS SAME
LEVEL. THE PARCEL'S INITIAL TEMPERATURE IS THE FORECAST MAXIMUM
TEMPERATURE AND ITS DEW POINT IS THE AVERAGE DEW POINT IN THE LOWEST 4000
FEET OF THE AIRMASS. NEGATIVE VALUES ARE INDICATIVE OF INSTABILITY WITH
POSITIVE VALUES SHOWING STABLE CONDITIONS.
LIFT RATE - AN EXPERIMENTAL ESTIMATE OF THE STRENGTH OF THERMALS. IT IS
COMPUTED THE SAME WAY AS THE MAXIMUM RATE OF LIFT BUT USES THE ACTUAL
LEVEL RATHER THAN THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF THERMALS IN THE CALCULATION.
ALSO, NONE OF THE EMPIRICAL ADJUSTMENTS BASED ON CLOUDINESS AND K-INDEX
ARE APPLIED TO THESE CALCULATIONS.
MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF THERMALS - THE HEIGHT WHERE THE DRY ADIABAT THROUGH THE
FORECAST MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE INTERSECTS THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE.
MAXIMUM RATE OF LIFT - AN ESTIMATE OF THE MAXIMUM STRENGTH OF THERMALS. IT
IS COMPUTED FROM AN EMPIRICAL FORMULA WHICH COMBINES THE EXPECTED MAXIMUM
HEIGHT OF THERMALS WITH THE DIFFERENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURES
BETWEEN THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF THERMALS AND THE TEMPERATURE 4,000 FEET
ABOVE THE GROUND. AFTER THIS COMPUTATION, FURTHER EMPIRICAL ADJUSTMENTS
ARE MADE BASED ON THE VALUE OF THE K-INDEX AND THE AMOUNT AND OPACITY OF
MIDDLE AND HIGH LEVEL CLOUDINESS EXPECTED BETWEEN THE TIME OF TRIGGER
TEMPERATURE AND THE TIME OF OVERDEVELOPMENT.
MIDDLE/HIGH CLOUDS - THE AMOUNT AND OPACITY OF MIDDLE (ALTOSTRATUS, ALTOCUMULUS)
OR HIGH (CIRRUS, CIRROSTRATUS, CIRROCUMULUS) CLOUDS. BROKEN MEANS THAT
BETWEEN 60% AND 90% OF THE SKY IS COVERED BY THE CLOUD, WITH OVERCAST
CONDITIONS OCCURRING WHEN MORE THAN 90% OF THE SKY IS COVERED BY THE CLOUD.
THIN IMPLIES THAT THE CLOUDS ARE PREDOMINANTLY TRANSPARENT, MEANING THAT
SOME SUNLIGHT IS REACHING THE GROUND, IN CONTRAST TO OPAQUE WHICH SUGGESTS
THAT LITTLE SUNLIGHT IS REACHING THE GROUND.
POTENTIAL HEIGHT OF WAVE - THE MINIMUM OF THE FOLLOWING TWO HEIGHTS:
1. LEVEL ABOVE THE HEIGHT OF STABLE LAYER (OR 14,000 FEET IF NONE EXISTS)
WHERE THE WIND DIRECTION CHANGES BY 30 DEGREES OR MORE
2. LEVEL ABOVE THE HEIGHT OF STABLE LAYER (OR 14,000 FEET IF NONE EXISTS)
WHERE THE WIND SPEED NO LONGER INCREASES WITH HEIGHT
PVA/NVA - POSITIVE VORTICITY ADVECTION (PVA)/NEGATIVE VORTICITY ADVECTION (NVA)
ON THE 500 MILLIBAR ISOBARIC SURFACE (APPROXIMATELY 18,000 FEET ABOVE MEAN
SEA LEVEL). WEAK PVA HAS BEEN SHOWN TO ASSIST IN MOUNTAIN WAVE SOARING.
SOARING WINDOW - THE TIME BETWEEN THE TIME THE TRIGGER TEMPERATURE IS REACHED
AND THE TIME OF OVERDEVELOPMENT.
THERMAL INDEX - THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND THE
TEMPERATURE AT A PARTICULAR LEVEL DETERMINED BY FOLLOWING THE DRY ADIABAT
THROUGH THE FORECAST MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE UP TO THAT LEVEL. NEGATIVE VALUES
ARE INDICATIVE OF THERMAL LIFT.
THERMAL SOARING INDEX - AN ADJECTIVE RATING (FOR SAILPLANES) BASED ON THE
COMPUTED MAXIMUM RATE OF LIFT, AND THE WIND SPEED AND MIDDLE AND HIGH
CLOUD COVER EXPECTED DURING THE SOARING WINDOW (THE TIME OF THE TRIGGER
TEMPERATURE AND THE TIME OF OVERDEVELOPMENT) ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING:
MAXIMUM RATE OF LIFT ADJECTIVE RATING
>= 800 FPM EXCELLENT
>= 400 AND < 800 FPM GOOD
>= 200 AND < 400 FPM FAIR
< 200 FPM POOR
TIME OF OVERDEVELOPMENT - THE TIME ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING PHENOMENA,
WHICH ESSENTIALLY SHUT OFF THERMAL LIFT, IS EXPECTED TO OCCUR:
1. FORMATION OF BROKEN TO OVERCAST CONVECTIVE CLOUD COVER
2. FORMATION OF SCATTERED TO NUMEROUS DOWNBURSTS
3. INITIATION OF WIDESPREAD PRECIPITATION
TIME OF TRIGGER TEMPERATURE - THE TIME THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE IS EXPECTED TO
REACH THE TRIGGER TEMPERATURE.
TRIGGER TEMPERATURE - THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE REQUIRED TO MAKE THE FIRST 4000
FEET OF THE ATMOSPHERE DRY ADIABATIC.
WAVE SOARING INDEX - AN EMPIRICAL, ADJECTIVE RATING (FOR SAILPLANES) WHICH
ATTEMPTS TO COMBINE A VARIETY OF PHENOMENA IMPORTANT IN MOUNTAIN WAVE
SOARING INTO A SINGLE INDEX NUMBER. OBJECTIVE POINTS ARE ASSIGNED TO
THESE PHENOMENA: WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION AT 14,000 FT MSL, THE STATIC
STABILITY IN THE 12,000-18,000 FT MSL LAYER, THE WIND SPEED GRADIENT ABOVE
THE STABLE LAYER, JET STREAM LOCATION AND FRONTAL AND UPPER TROUGH
MOVEMENTS.
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