356
FXUS61 KCLE 131206
AFDCLE
AREA FORECAST DISCUSSION
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CLEVELAND OH
706 AM EST SAT DEC 13 2025
SYNOPSIS
A STRONG COLD FRONT SWEEPS SOUTHEASTWARD ACROSS OUR REGION
THIS MORNING. BEHIND THE FRONT, A TROUGH LINGERS OVER AND NEAR
LAKE ERIE THROUGH SUNDAY AS A RIDGE BUILDS FROM THE NORTH-
CENTRAL UNITED STATES TO THE OHIO VALLEY. THE RIDGE THEN BUILDS
EASTWARD ACROSS OUR ENTIRE REGION SUNDAY NIGHT INTO MONDAY
BEFORE DEPARTING TO THE EAST COAST MIDWEEK
NEAR TERM /THROUGH TONIGHT/
- LAKE-EFFECT SNOW (LES) WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR NW PA
FROM 7 AM TODAY TO 7 AM EST THIS MONDAY
- LES WARNING NOW IN EFFECT FOR THE PRIMARY SNOWBELT OF NE OH
AND CUYAHOGA COUNTY FROM 10 AM TODAY TO 7 AM THIS MONDAY
- WINTER WX ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR THE SECONDARY
SNOWBELT OF NE OH FROM 1 PM TODAY TO 7 AM THIS MONDAY
- WINTER WX ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT FOR STARK AND MAHONING
COUNTIES FROM 1 PM TODAY TO 7 PM SUNDAY
- REMAINDER OF WINTER WX ADVISORY IN NORTHERN OH REMAINS IN
EFFECT FROM 1 PM TODAY TO 7 AM SUNDAY
IN THE MID/UPPER-LEVELS, CYCLONIC W'ERLY FLOW ALOFT PERSISTS
OVER THE LAKE ERIE REGION AND UPPER OH VALLEY THROUGH TONIGHT AS
EMBEDDED SHORTWAVE TROUGHS AFFECT OUR REGION AND A PRIMARY
SHORTWAVE TROUGH AXIS APPROACHES FROM MB, CANADA AND EVENTUALLY
THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES. CLOSER TO THE SURFACE, A SHORTWAVE
TROUGH AXIS IN ROUGHLY THE 925 TO 700 MB LAYER WILL MOVE FROM
THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS THIS MORNING TOWARD NEW ENGLAND AND
THE MID-ATLANTIC REGION BY DAYBREAK SUNDAY. AT THE SURFACE, A
STRONG COLD FRONT WILL SWEEP GENERALLY SE'WARD ACROSS OUR REGION
BETWEEN ROUGHLY DAYBREAK AND LATE THIS AFTERNOON AS THE
PRECEDING RIDGE CONTINUES TO EXIT TOWARD NEW ENGLAND. BEHIND THE
FRONT, A THERMAL TROUGH DEVELOPS OVER RELATIVELY-WARM LAKE ERIE
WHILE AN ARCTIC RIDGE BUILDS FROM THE NORTH-CENTRAL UNITED
STATES TO THE OH VALLEY AND VICINITY. TODAY'S DAYTIME HIGHS WILL
REACH THE MID 20'S TO LOWER 30'S AHEAD OF THE COLD FRONT. THE
"WARMEST" HIGHS ARE EXPECTED FARTHER TO THE EAST AND SOUTHEAST
IN OUR CWA, WHERE A LATER COLD FRONT PASSAGE WILL OCCUR. STRONG
POST-FRONT LOW-LEVEL CAA WILL CONTRIBUTE TO LOWS REACHING MAINLY
THE 5F TO 15F RANGE AROUND DAYBREAK SUNDAY.
EARLY THIS MORNING, LES IS ORGANIZING/STRENGTHENING GRADUALLY
OVER LAKE ERIE AND OVER PORTIONS OF WESTERN NY AMIDST A
CYCLONIC WSW'ERLY TO SW'ERLY MEAN LOW-LEVEL FLOW OF
SUFFICIENTLY-COLD/MOIST AIR OVER/DOWNWIND OF THE ~3C LAKE, WEAK
LAKE-INDUCED CAPE (LICAPE), AND LOW/MID-LEVEL MOISTURE
ADVECTION AHEAD OF THE FRONT AND AFOREMENTIONED 925-700 MB
SHORTWAVE TROUGH AXIS. ISOLATED TO SCATTERED SNOW SHOWERS
SHOULD ACCOMPANY THE FRONT'S PASSAGE AS CONVERGENCE/ASCENT
ALONG THE FRONT RELEASE WEAK POTENTIAL INSTABILITY LOCATED IN
THE LOWEST 1 KM AGL. LOW-LEVEL CONVERGENCE/ASCENT ALONG THE
FRONT WILL ALSO ENHANCE THE LAKE ERIE LES. THE LES WILL SETTLE
S'WARD INTO OUR PRIMARY SNOWBELT COUNTIES DURING THE MID-
MORNING THROUGH LATE AFTERNOON HOURS OF TODAY AS THE COLD
FRONT'S PASSAGE CAUSES MEAN LOW-LEVEL FLOW TO VEER FROM SW'ERLY
TO W'ERLY. THE LES WILL BE STEADY TO HEAVY AT TIMES PER MODEL
SOUNDINGS, WHICH CONTINUE TO INDICATE LOW-LEVEL CONVERGENCE
ALONG THE MAJOR AXIS OR AXES OF LES BANDING WILL RESULT IN A
CROSSHAIR SIGNATURE (I.E. MODERATE TO STRONG AND MAXIMIZED
ASCENT WILL BE COLLOCATED WITH A CLOUDY DGZ AT LEAST 0.5 TO 1
KM DEEP). DURING THIS EVENING THROUGH DAYBREAK SUNDAY, THE LES
WILL SETTLE OVER THE SNOWBELT AND VICINITY IN NE OH/NW PA AS THE
MEAN LOW- LEVEL FLOW OF PROGRESSIVELY COLDER/SUFFICIENTLY-MOIST
AIR VEERS FROM W'ERLY TO NW'ERLY AND LICAPE GROWS TO MODERATE
MAGNITUDES, DUE IN PART TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF UPSTREAM MOISTURE
CONNECTIONS TO LAKES HURON AND ST. CLAIR. THE LES WILL BE STEADY
TO HEAVY AT TIMES, WITH SNOWFALL RATES AS HIGH AS 1-2" PER
HOUR, DUE IN PART TO A CROSSHAIR SIGNATURE. IN ADDITION TO THE
LES, WIDESPREAD SNOW WILL OVERSPREAD OUR REGION FROM WEST TO
EAST THIS AFTERNOON THROUGH VERY EARLY EARLY EVENING. THIS SNOW
WILL BE ASSOCIATED WITH MOIST ISENTROPIC ASCENT AND
FRONTOGENETICAL CONVERGENCE AHEAD OF THE AFOREMENTIONED 925 TO
700 MB SHORTWAVE TROUGH AXIS. THE FRONTOGENETICAL CONVERGENCE
WILL RESULT FROM FLOW IN THAT AFOREMENTIONED LAYER BACKING
SLIGHTLY FROM W'ERLY TO WSW'ERLY AHEAD OF THE SHORTWAVE'S AXIS.
THIS BACKING OF THE 925 TO 700 MB MEAN FLOW IS STILL EXPECTED TO
BE MOST-PRONOUNCED FARTHER SOUTH IN OUR CWA. THE WIDESPREAD
SNOW SHOULD BE STEADY TO HEAVY AT TIMES, ESPECIALLY ROUGHLY
ALONG AND SOUTH OF U.S. ROUTE 30, WHERE THE FGEN ALOFT AND MOIST
ISENTROPIC ASCENT SHOULD ALLOW MODERATE TO STRONG AND MAXIMIZED
ASCENT TO BE COLLOCATED WITH A CLOUDY DGZ ABOUT 1 TO 2 KM DEEP,
WHICH SHOULD YIELD PERIODIC SNOWFALL RATES UP TO 1" PER HOUR.
NOTE: AS THE WIDESPREAD SNOW OVERSPREADS LAKE ERIE AND VICINITY,
THE SEEDER-FEEDER PROCESS AND CONTINUED PRESENCE OF AT LEAST
WEAK LICAPE OVER THE LAKE SHOULD ENHANCE THE AFOREMENTIONED LES
FURTHER FOR A TIME THIS AFTERNOON AND EVENING. THE WIDESPREAD
SNOW WILL THEN EXIT OUR ENTIRE REGION FROM WEST TO EAST BETWEEN
~6 PM AND MIDNIGHT TONIGHT AS MUCH DRIER AIR, ESPECIALLY IN THE
850 TO 700 MB LAYER, OVERSPREADS OUR AREA BEHIND THE SHORTWAVE
TROUGH AXIS.
BY DAYBREAK SUNDAY, FRESH SNOW ACCUMULATIONS ARE EXPECTED TO
REACH 1-5" OUTSIDE THE SNOWBELT. THE GREATEST OF THESE
ACCUMULATIONS SHOULD BE FOCUSED ROUGHLY ALONG AND SOUTH OF U.S.
ROUTE 30, WHERE THE WINTER WX ADVISORY REMAINS IN EFFECT. WITHIN
THE SNOWBELT OF NE OH/NW PA, FRESH SNOW ACCUMULATIONS SHOULD
REACH 3-7" BY DAYBREAK SUNDAY. THE GREATEST OF THESE ACCUMULATIONS
ARE EXPECTED IN THE HIGHER TERRAIN JUST EAST OF CLEVELAND AND
IN THE HIGHER TERRAIN OF SOUTHERN ERIE COUNTY, PA, WHERE UPSLOPE
ENHANCEMENT OF SNOW WILL ALSO BE A FACTOR.
SHORT TERM /SUNDAY THROUGH MONDAY NIGHT/
UP IN THE MID/UPPER-LEVELS, THE PROMINENT SHORTWAVE TROUGH AXIS
SHOULD SWEEP SE'WARD ACROSS OUR CWA BETWEEN DAYBREAK AND EARLY
AFTERNOON ON SUNDAY. BEHIND THAT SHORTWAVE TROUGH AXIS, HIGH
PRESSURE AT THE SURFACE AND ALOFT WILL BUILD GENERALLY FROM THE
WEST THROUGH MONDAY NIGHT AND AS MENTIONED IN THE NEAR-TERM
SECTION, THE SURFACE RIDGE WILL BE ASSOCIATED WITH A RATHER COLD
AIR MASS. HOWEVER, ON MONDAY, ANOTHER SHORTWAVE TROUGH SHOULD
MOVE SE'WARD ACROSS OUR REGION AND TEMPORARILY WEAKEN THE RIDGE
AT THE SURFACE AND ALOFT. DAYTIME HIGHS SHOULD REACH ONLY THE
15F TO 25F RANGE ON SUNDAY AND THE UPPER TEENS TO UPPER 20'S ON
MONDAY. OVERNIGHT LOWS SHOULD REACH MAINLY THE 5F TO 15F RANGE
AROUND DAYBREAK MONDAY AND 10F TO THE UPPER TEENS AROUND
DAYBREAK TUESDAY. THE COLDEST WIND CHILLS OF THE SEVEN-DAY
FORECAST PERIOD ARE EXPECTED ON SUNDAY AND MONDAY. WIND CHILLS
AS COLD AS 0F TO -10F ARE EXPECTED AROUND DAYBREAK SUNDAY AND
AS COLD AS THE SINGLE DIGITS ABOVE 0F TO NEARLY -10F AROUND
DAYBREAK MONDAY.
DRY WEATHER IS EXPECTED ACROSS MOST OF OUR REGION DURING THE
SHORT-TERM PERIOD, DUE IN PART TO STABILIZING SUBSIDENCE
ACCOMPANYING THE RIDGE. HOWEVER, PERIODS OF LES WILL IMPACT THE
SNOWBELT OF NE OH/NW PA AND VICINITY ON SUNDAY AMIDST NW'ERLY
MEAN LOW-LEVEL FLOW OF SUFFICIENTLY-COLD/MOIST AIR, WEAK TO
MODERATE LICAPE OVER LAKE ERIE, AND UPSTREAM MOISTURE
CONNECTIONS TO LAKES ST. CLAIR AND HURON. THUS, THE LES WILL
LIKELY BE STEADY TO HEAVY AT TIMES. DURING SUNDAY NIGHT, THE LES
IS STILL EXPECTED TO SHIFT N'WARD TO OUR PRIMARY SNOWBELT
COUNTIES AND VICINITY AS THE MEAN LOW-LEVEL FLOW OF
SUFFICIENTLY-COLD/MOIST AIR BACKS GRADUALLY TO W'ERLY. THE LES
SHOULD WEAKEN DUE TO SYNOPTIC LOW-LEVEL DRY AIR ADVECTION AND A
LOWERING SUBSIDENCE INVERSION ACCOMPANYING THE BUILDING RIDGE,
WHICH WILL WEAKEN LICAPE. BETWEEN DAYBREAK SUNDAY AND DAYBREAK
MONDAY, ADDITIONAL LES ACCUMULATIONS ARE EXPECTED TO BE HIGHLY
VARIABLE AND RANGE FROM A COATING TO 7". THE GREATEST OF THESE
ACCUMULATIONS SHOULD BE FOCUSED IN THE HIGHER TERRAIN OF
SOUTHERN ERIE AND NORTHERN CRAWFORD COUNTIES IN NW PA, DUE TO A
COMBINATION OF UPSLOPE ENHANCEMENT AND A FAIRLY PROLONGED
UPSTREAM MOISTURE CONNECTION TO LAKE HURON.
LES IS EXPECTED TO PERSIST OVER AND DOWNWIND OF LAKE ERIE ON
MONDAY THROUGH MOST OF MONDAY NIGHT AMIDST AT LEAST WEAK LICAPE
AND A SUFFICIENTLY-COLD/MOIST MEAN LOW-LEVEL FLOW THAT SHOULD
VARY BETWEEN SW'ERLY AND W'ERLY. THUS, THE LES SHOULD BE
TRANSIENT. AHEAD OF THE AFOREMENTIONED SHORTWAVE TROUGH AXIS,
MOIST ISENTROPIC ASCENT MAY ALLOW SCATTERED SNOW SHOWERS TO
OCCUR OUTSIDE THE LES, ESPECIALLY IN NE OH AND NW PA. IN
ADDITION, THE SEEDER-FEEDER PROCESS SHOULD OCCUR AHEAD OF THE
SHORTWAVE TROUGH AXIS AND ENHANCE THE LES FOR A TIME. ADDITIONAL
SNOW ACCUMULATIONS OF A COATING TO SEVERAL INCHES ARE POSSIBLE.
THE LES SHOULD WEAKEN MONDAY NIGHT AND END BY DAYBREAK TUESDAY
AMIDST WEAKENING LICAPE DUE IN PART TO A LOWERING SUBSIDENCE
INVERSION BEHIND THE SHORTWAVE TROUGH AXIS.
LONG TERM /TUESDAY THROUGH FRIDAY/
CURRENT ODDS FAVOR DRY WEATHER THIS TUESDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY
AS THE ABOVE-MENTIONED RIDGE AT THE SURFACE AND ALOFT CONTINUES
TO EXIT E'WARD. IN ADDITION, NET LOW-LEVEL WAA ALONG THE
BACKSIDE OF THE RIDGE SHOULD BE ACCOMPANIED BY HIGHS IN THE
UPPER 20'S TO MID 30'S TUESDAY AFTERNOON AND THE UPPER 30'S TO
LOWER 40'S WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON. LOWS SHOULD REACH MAINLY THE
20'S AROUND MIDNIGHT TUESDAY NIGHT AND BEGIN TO MODERATE DURING
THE PREDAWN HOURS OF WEDNESDAY MORNING AS THE AFOREMENTIONED
LOW-LEVEL WAA STRENGTHENS.
A TROUGH AT THE SURFACE AND ALOFT SHOULD OVERSPREAD OUR REGION
FROM THE WEST ON WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH THURSDAY. IN ADDITION,
A COLD FRONT SHOULD APPROACH OUR REGION FROM THE UPPER MIDWEST
AND VICINITY ON THURSDAY AS NET LOW-LEVEL WAA PERSISTS IN
NORTHERN OH AND NW PA. LOWS SHOULD REACH THE UPPER 20'S TO MID
30'S WEDNESDAY EVENING AND BE FOLLOWED BY MODERATING READINGS BY
THE PREDAWN HOURS OF THURSDAY MORNING. HIGHS SHOULD THEN REACH
THE LOWER 40'S TO 50F ON THURSDAY AS LOW-LEVEL WAA CONTINUES TO
STRENGTHEN DUE TO DEEPENING OF THE TROUGH AT THE SURFACE AND
ALOFT. A LOW-LEVEL RETURN FLOW OF WARM AND MOIST AIR FROM THE
GULF SHOULD UNDERGO ISENTROPIC ASCENT ALOFT, AHEAD OF THE FRONT
AND PRIMARY TROUGH AXIS ALOFT, AND ALLOW PERIODS OF PRECIP TO
AFFECT OUR REGION WEDNESDAY NIGHT THROUGH THURSDAY. A MIX OF
SNOW AND RAIN IS IN OUR OFFICIAL FORECAST WEDNESDAY NIGHT BEFORE
CHANGING TO JUST RAIN ON THURSDAY AS TEMPERATURES AND WET-BULB
TEMPERATURES MODERATE VIA WAA AT THE SURFACE AND ALOFT. WILL
HAVE TO MONITOR THIS PORTION OF THE FORECAST CLOSELY, INCLUDING
HOW EXACTLY THE VERTICAL PROFILES OF TEMPERATURE AND WET-BULB
TEMPERATURE ARE PROJECTED TO EVOLVE.
AT THIS JUNCTURE, IT APPEARS THE COLD FRONT AND PRIMARY TROUGH
AXIS ALOFT WILL SWEEP E'WARD THROUGH OUR REGION THURSDAY NIGHT
AND BE FOLLOWED BY A RIDGE AT THE SURFACE AND ALOFT BUILDING
FROM THE WEST THROUGH FRIDAY. LOWS SHOULD REACH THE UPPER TEENS
TO MID 20'S AROUND DAYBREAK FRIDAY. HIGHS SHOULD REACH THE UPPER
20'S TO MID 30'S FRIDAY AFTERNOON. ADDITIONAL PERIODS OF PRECIP
ARE EXPECTED THURSDAY NIGHT DUE TO CONVERGENCE/MOIST ASCENT
ALONG THE COLD FRONT AND MOIST ISENTROPIC ASCENT AHEAD OF THE
TROUGH AXIS ALOFT. BEHIND THE SURFACE COLD FRONT, RAIN SHOULD
CHANGE TO SNOW VIA THE WET-BULB EFFECT AND CAA AT THE SURFACE
AND ALOFT BEFORE WIDESPREAD PRECIP ENDS BEHIND THE TROUGH AXIS
ALOFT. WILL MONITOR TRENDS IN NWP MODEL GUIDANCE FOR ACCUMULATING
SNOW POTENTIAL. OVERNIGHT THURSDAY NIGHT INTO FRIDAY, THE
ENVIRONMENT SHOULD BECOME COLD AND MOIST ENOUGH TO SUPPORT LES
OVER/DOWNWIND OF LAKE ERIE, BUT ALL OF THE FOLLOWING REMAIN VERY
UNCERTAIN AT THIS TIME: MEAN LOW-LEVEL FLOW DIRECTION; LICAPE
MAGNITUDE; PLACEMENT, INTENSITY, AND AMOUNTS OF LES.
AVIATION /12Z SATURDAY THROUGH WEDNESDAY/
OVERCAST SKIES WITH CEILINGS AROUND 1,500 FT ARE OBSERVED
AREAWIDE AND EXPECTED TO PERSIST THROUGH MUCH OF THE TAF PERIOD.
LAKE EFFECT SNOW DEVELOPS ACROSS THE SNOWBELT REGION THIS
MORNING, WITH PERIODIC IFR VISIBILITIES EXPECTED WITHIN ANY
SNOWBANDS. THIS WILL PRIMARILY IMPACT KERI.
MEANWHILE, A SYSTEM WILL BUILD IN FROM THE SOUTHWEST, WITH
WIDESPREAD SNOW IMPACTING THE ENTIRE AIRFIELD. VISIBILITIES WILL
QUICKLY TANK TO IFR AND TO AS LOW AS 1/2 SM AT TIMES. SNOW WILL
EXIT FROM WEST TO EAST TONIGHT, WITH CONDITIONS IMPROVING
QUICKLY. LAKE EFFECT SNOW WILL RETURN PRIMARILY TO THE SNOWBELT
REGION OF NORTHEAST OHIO AND NORTHWEST PENNSYLVANIA, BUT A FEW
SNOW SHOWERS STREAMING IN OFF OF LAKE MICHIGAN COULD IMPACT
OTHER TAF SITES AT TIMES TONIGHT INTO SUNDAY MORNING.
SOUTHWEST WINDS OF 10-15 KNOTS ARE EXPECTED THIS SATURDAY
MORNING WITH GUSTS UP TO 20-25 KNOTS. THESE WINDS WILL
GRADUALLY BECOME WEST-NORTHWESTERLY BY THIS AFTERNOON.
OUTLOOK...NON-VFR CONDITIONS POSSIBLE AS LAKE EFFECT SNOW
CONTINUES ACROSS NORTHEAST OHIO AND NORTHWEST PENNSYLVANIA THROUGH
MONDAY NIGHT.
MARINE
SOUTHWEST WINDS CURRENTLY AROUND 10-20 KNOTS WILL STRENGTHEN THIS
MORNING, SHIFTING TO WESTERLIES AND PEAKING AROUND 30 KNOTS LATE
THIS MORNING INTO THE EARLY AFTERNOON. A SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY IS IN
EFFECT FOR THE ENTIRE NEARSHORE WATERS OF LAKE ERIE TO ACCOUNT FOR
THIS. TOLEDO WATER LEVEL IS FORECAST TO DROP TO AROUND THE LOW WATER
DATUM LATER THIS MORNING INTO THE EARLY AFTERNOON, WHICH IS 8 INCHES
ABOVE THE CRITICAL MARK FOR SAFE NAVIGATION. AT THIS TIME, A LOW
WATER ADVISORY IS NOT EXPECTED FOR THE WESTERN BASIN OF LAKE ERIE.
WINDS BECOME NORTHWEST SATURDAY NIGHT THROUGH SUNDAY NIGHT AND WILL
GENERALLY BE IN THE 15 TO 25 KNOT RANGE, THOUGH COULD APPROACH 30
KNOTS AT TIMES LATE SUNDAY MORNING INTO EARLY SUNDAY AFTERNOON,
ESPECIALLY IN THE CENTRAL BASIN WHERE WAVE HEIGHTS UP TO 6-9 FEET
MAY BE POSSIBLE. THE SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY CONTINUES THROUGH SUNDAY
NIGHT AND MONDAY MORNING TO ACCOUNT FOR THIS.
SOUTHWEST FLOW DEVELOPS AGAIN ON MONDAY AND PERSISTS THROUGH THE
REST OF THE WEEK. WIND SPEEDS WILL OSCILLATE WITH PERIODS OF WIND
SPEEDS IN THE 20-30 KNOT RANGE. ADDITIONAL SMALL CRAFT ADVISORIES
ARE EXPECTED. THERE IS INCREASING CHANCE OF GALE FORCE WINDS
THURSDAY INTO FRIDAY.
CLE WATCHES/WARNINGS/ADVISORIES
OH...WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO 7 AM EST
MONDAY FOR OHZ010-020>023.
LAKE EFFECT SNOW WARNING FROM 10 AM THIS MORNING TO 7 AM EST
MONDAY FOR OHZ011>014-089.
WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO 7 AM EST
SUNDAY FOR OHZ029>031-036>038-047.
WINTER WEATHER ADVISORY FROM 1 PM THIS AFTERNOON TO 7 PM EST
SUNDAY FOR OHZ032-033.
PA...LAKE EFFECT SNOW WARNING UNTIL 7 AM EST MONDAY FOR PAZ001>003.
MARINE...SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY UNTIL 1 AM EST MONDAY FOR LEZ142-143.
SMALL CRAFT ADVISORY UNTIL 7 AM EST MONDAY FOR LEZ144>149.
SYNOPSIS...JASZKA
NEAR TERM...JASZKA
SHORT TERM...JASZKA
LONG TERM...JASZKA
AVIATION...SAUNDERS
MARINE...SAUNDERS
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